ABSTRACT
Children. Naïve, creative, ambitious and curious is what best describe them. They are the most naïve and creative humans as they are growing up and also their brain are just started to grow. Many things, they may find it interesting and curious to try. They are easily influenced and get addicted to mostly anything they find interesting.
This thesis proposal is mainly to provide information and come out with a solution of the handheld device addiction among children age 4 to 6 years old. Why 4 to 6 years old? Its because they are still young and it is easier to prevent them from getting addicted. Not to say the other children are not important but if we can prevent, why not try preventing them first then to let them get addicted and more and more addicts will appear without control. The parents are one of the main problem when this problem occurs as they are the ones that is handing the devices to the kids in the first place. The researcher also meant to explain and inform the parents of the dangers or effect of the addiction to help the children understands better of the problem.
The purpose of this thesis report is to create an awareness campaign to the children and parents through a digital animation and installation art. Though the medium to present might change in the future, the purpose is not to be changed. The first step in creating the awareness is to find the objective and the researcher is to study about the behavior of the children might as well as pass research done on this problem matter. The next step is to research on the pass awareness and its successfulness so that the researcher can know about the success and failure of the awareness campaign done previously. At the same time, the researcher is to observe on his/her surroundings on the attitude and behavior of children with and without their handheld devices. After the researchers and observations, the researcher is to create and awareness on this problem using digital animation and installation art and lastly, show it to public and the target audience.
In this thesis research, the researcher had used two methods for data collection and they are quantitative and qualitative research methods. The researcher had made many research about the problem on the internet, web and new or articles and observes on the target audience. After the researches are done, the researcher then had given out online survey questionnaires to parents to understand more about the children and their addiction to the handheld. The researcher went to 3 different kindergartens to collect data of drawings and analyses them for similarity for him/her to implement into his/her animation in the end as a result.
As a conclusion, the researcher then uses digital animation and installation art, in this case might change in the future to help create awareness to the children and parents about the effects that the handheld devices addiction can do to the children which is very unhealthy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
People are so dependent on our smartphones now that people are often joking about being addicted on their smartphones among friends and family. What they do not realize is that the smartphone addiction phenomenon is actually real and it is a major problem that affects thousands of people in the world. Peoples are admitting that they uses their smartphones in the shower and also while driving which is dangerous and life threatening. This addiction has already be a major problem and now it is more likely to grow more and more due to the rising demands and also the rapid advances in technology which allows the users to carry out their duties at an even faster speed and in an even easier way. (Priddy, 2016)
The background study for this thesis is focused on the effect of addiction on handheld devices to children in between the age 4-6years old. This issue is not only effecting the children but other individual as well but, this thesis report is only focusing in the group of children and not the others. This is because children still does not understand why they are not allowed to be on their handheld device often. They always make fuss and have behavior problems whenever their parents or guardians took away their devices and not really understand why. This thesis report is to help study and research on the children and their behavior and come out with a final project to help children understand the effects of being on the handheld for too long.
1.2 Overview of Study
The study will show the general studies of the “Addiction” with handheld devices. 21st century babies to school –aged children are now mostly digital consumers. They always uses the TVs, computers, gaming systems and smartphones or tablets. They started playing with their parent’s smartphone since right after they know how to grasp an object in their hands. A research study about children’s media use in America from a 2011 Common Sense Media Research says that a 40% of children aged 2 to 4 years old uses handheld devices such as smartphones, iPods, iPads or other similar devices. In another survey conducted with parents, it says that a 90% of their children under the age of 2 years old watches some other form of electronic media. (Kim, 2013)
1.3 Statement of Problem
According to The American Academy of Pediatrics and The Canadian Society of Pediatrics states that infants that are aged 0 to 2 years old is advices to not have any exposure to the technology while the children of aged 3 to 5 years old are to be restricted to 1hour per day and children aged 6 to 18 years old are restricted to 2hours per day. Nowadays, the children and youth are using 4 to 5 times or more than the suggested amount of technology making it a problem that is growing stronger and stronger as it may affect the health and sometimes end up with serious and death threatening consequences. This handheld devices addiction is increasing in a very fast pace with the accessibility and usage of technology, especially with the young children. (Rowan, 10 Reasons Why Handheld Devices Should be Banned for Children under the age of 12, 2015)
1.4 Research Question
What is the effect unhealthily by handheld devices addiction on children aged 4 to 6 years old?
1.5 Research Purpose, Aims and Objectives
Aim: To identify the effects of handheld devices addiction on children aged 4 to 6 years old and to find a way to create an awareness to those who are addicted with the help of a third party audience such as the parents of the children using the themed based objective.
Objectives:
1. To research on the effects of handheld devices on children aged between 4 to 6 years old.
2. To analyze the effects of handheld devices on children aged 4 to 6 years old.
3. To create an awareness campaign to the children between aged 4 to 6 years old using digital media and installation.
4. To educate the children age 4 to 6 years old about the effects of handheld devices addiction on them.
1.6 Scope of Study
In this thesis research, the scope of study of the researcher is on children aged 4 to 6 years old. The research’s target audience includes children aged 4 to 6 years old. To communicate with them, the researcher chooses visual communications as the medium to communicate with them. The researcher went to three different kindergartens to collect drawings of the children as data collection as guideline for the character design for animation.
Figure 1: Toddlers, courtesy of Google Image: http://www.galileopreschool.org/image/98306342.jpeg
1.7 Significance of Study
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Definition
2.1.2 What is a handheld device?
2.1.3 What is addiction?
2.2 History of the Issue
2.2.1 Children smart phone obsessed
2.2.2 Children addiction in South Korea
2.3 Cause and Effect
2.3.1 The early exposure to media violence
2.3.2 Infants unable to use toy building blocks due to iPad addiction
2.3.3 Two and a half years old children have short sighted after a year playing iPad
2.3.4 Addiction leads to “less intelligent” children
2.4 Solution
2.4.1 Best advice to parents?
2.4.2 All phones on the table—or else!
2.4.3 South Korean, prevention
2.4.4 Homotabletis
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Topic
3.3 Determine and Description of Research Methods
3.3.1 Approach
3.3.2 Research Flow
3.3.3 Data Instrument
Figure 5: Survey Form (Online)
4.0 Data Collection (Results and Discussion)
4.1 Survey Results
Figure 9: Question 2 report
Figure 11: Question 4 report
4.2 Data Collection and Analysis
Figure 16: Data Collection in 3Q MRC Sungai Chua
4.2.1 Data Analysis
5.0 Conclusion
References
Figure 2: Children aged 4 to 6 years old, courtesy of Google Image, http://img.khleeg.com/imgcache/2015/06/422965.jpg
1.7 Significance of Study
This research is to make the children understand that while playing with their devices, they are also to remember to take care of their health condition. Technology is advancing fast and according to Dalton Conley, he stated that “Our children’s digital lives are turning them into much different creatures from us and not necessarily for the better.” The first step to recovery for this addiction is to recognize the early symptoms and get appropriate treatment. Seema Hingorrany a city-based clinical psychologist says that the symptoms are changes in mood, preoccupation, inability to control the amount of time you spend on the internet and admonishing social life, leaving the individual with depression, obsessive- compulsive disorder and anxiety. When the individual realizes the symptoms, it is already too late and is addicted. Hingorrany adds on that she even have a patient eating in front of handheld devices and some even to the extent that they have to urge to be on their handheld devices in the washroom. (Sampath, 2014
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Definition
2.1.2 What is a handheld device?
The definition of handheld devices is it is any portable devices that can be carried around and held in one’s palm. The handheld devices can be any computing devices that is compact or portable enough to be held and uses either with one or both hands. The handheld devices may also contain cellular communications but also at the same time be include other computing devices. (Anonymous, Handheld, 2016)
2.1.3 What is addiction?
Addiction is people that do not have control over what they are doing, taking or using and their addiction rate may increase and reach to appoint where it is harmful to the individual itself. Addiction does not only includes physical thing that we consume but also includes virtually anything, such as abstract thing like gambling and other seemingly harmless products like chocolates. In another word, addiction may be a substance dependence, or behavioral addiction and when an individual is addicted to something, they cannot control how they use it and become dependent on it to cope with daily life. (Nordqvist, 2016)
Figure 3: Addiction, courtesy of Google Image,http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1028498/images/o-STRESS-ADDICTION-facebook.jpg
2.2 History of the Issue
2.2.1 Children smart phone obsessed
Children nowadays will sleep with their handheld devices tightly tucked into their bed rather than big squashy teddy bears with them. A recent story about an addiction with children and smartphones in USA Today had been a great concern to parents. Common Sense Media’s Parenting Editor, Caroline Knorr stated – “Parents need to remember they’re always kid’s role models in this digital age.” The children are always seeing their parents as role models and checks on what they do and behavior often. For this case now, their parents are all busy checking on their handheld devices very often causing them to learn from the parents and do the same. If the parents notices their child behavior changes dramatically when they have and does not have their handheld devices, it is the early signs of the child is being addicted to the devices and the parents are to be aware and to find solutions. (Freeman, 2012)
2.2.2 Children addiction in South Korea
The National Information Society Agency, also known as NIA in South Korea had estimated a number of 160,000 South Korean children between the ages 5 to 9 are addicted to the internet either through handheld devices or personal computers. The children all appears animated when using their gadgets but is distracted, nervous and frustrated when they are cut off from the devices. To be on the devices for as long as they want to, the children will forgo eating and going to the toilet just to have more time to play with their devices. South Korea’s government had estimated an amount of 2.55million people across the entire population are addicted to smartphones and is using them 8 hours or more per day in its first survey of smart phone addiction released earlier in the year. The addicts will find it difficult to live without their handheld devices and constantly use disrupts work and social life, according to the NIA. (S.Young, 2013)
2.3 Cause and Effect
2.3.1 The early exposure to media violence
“What you watch is what you become.” A phrase we all heard since young. In this century, peoples do not goes by a day without hearing of violence behavior. Cyberbullying, rape, domestic violence, mass murders and many more are the examples of the violence behavior. A recent media report shows that during the past years, physical and sexual violent acts have been increasing for as much as 50% in most major cities in the US and European Countries (St.Louis, Baltimore, New York, London.) The rate of violence statistics had decreased over the past decades of years and why is it increasing at such fast rate now? It is because of the Tvs, movies, videos, music, news, sitcom, and other electrical related form of devices have shown physical and sexual violence graphic acts delivered in a very fast pace and rapid sequencing. Peoples are now living, working and raising our children in a culture that is surrounded by these physical and sexual violence rather than the exception and increasingly become normal in our lives. (Rowan, Early Exposure to Media Violence, 2015)
2.3.2 Infants unable to use toy building blocks due to iPad addiction
According to teachers, a number of rising infants are lacking in their skills needed to play with building blocks due to the “addiction” to tablet and handheld devices. Many children aged 3 to 4 can “swipe a screen” but have little or no dexterity in their fingers after spending hours glued to their iPads and some children, according to the members of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers, the children were unable to complete traditional pen and paper exams due to the dependent of their overexposure to the screen-based technology and experts have been seriously warning that this problem are effecting the children’s growth socially and physically. Stated by a doctor, saying that there are a riding number of young people including age 4 had been to have a therapy for being compulsive after being exposed to the internet and digital devices from birth. Mark Montgomery, a teacher from Northern Ireland said that overexposure to technology had been linked to weight gain, aggressive behavior, tiredness and repetitive strain injury. (Daton, 2014)
2.3.3 Two and a half years old children have short sighted after a year playing iPad
In the video, it’s a news about a child that got short sighted after a year of playing iPad. The parent were being interviewed why do they give the handheld devices to their children and they answer it because of they does not want their children to stick to them and want to play with them making them unable to do anything. The news is to advice and warn the parents about the smart phone addiction issue on children because a child of age 2 and a half years old had short sightedness due to facing the iPad continuously for a year time.
Figure 4: 2 and half years old child having short sighted after facing the iPad for 1 year: https://www.facebook.com/337457076280416/videos/113472995519253/?fref=nf
2.3.4 Addiction leads to “less intelligent” children
Warned by scientist, the amount of time spent on handheld devices are damaging the children’s attention spans by their parents according to a new research and leading the children being less intelligent than the children who grows up in families that are led addicted to the modern technology. A study showed that infant’s concentrations suffer when their parent’s eye wanders away during their playtime. (King, 2016) “The ability of children to sustain attention is known as a strong indicator for later success in areas such as language acquisition, problem solving and other key cognitive development milestones.” – Professor Chen Yu, University of Indiana.
2.4 Solution
2.4.1 Best advice to parents?
The author of the book “Make Your Brain Smarter” and founder and chief director of the Center for Brain Health at the University of Texas at Dallas, Sandra Bond Chapman said that parents who are concerning about their children’s dependence on the handheld devices should embrace the technology first and not to punish them with it. Sandra suggested to the parents to challenge their children to do “interval training” that is to ask their children to do spend 30minutes doing their homework without any form of disruption from technology and after they are finished they are allowed to check on their handheld devices with the same amount of time that they spend doing their homework. (Wallace, Best advice to parents?, 2014)
2.4.2 All phones on the table—or else!
Amanda Humphreys, 19, stated that she and her friends had just realized at a diner 3months ago how addicted that peoples are to their phones. Everyone was busy posting on Facebook and playing with their phones without conversing and suddenly a friend came up with an idea to pile up all their phones and whoever touches them will have to buy them the meal for the day. She too said that the new phone policy means real conversation about real things. (Wallace, All phones on the table -- or else!, 2014) In the children’s case, the parents can pile up their devices and whoever touches them first will get punish by decreasing their time spent with their devices.
2.4.3 South Korean, prevention
The South Korea’s government is widening their effort to prevent the children in school age and preschooler using web and digital addiction. The children form age 3 to 5 will be taught to protect themselves from overusing digital gadgets and the internet. Almost a 90% of children from the age group will learn at kindergartens how they will control their exposure to digital devices and the danger for staying online for too long hours. The Ministry of Public Administration and Security is revising laws so that the teaching of the dangers of internet addiction becomes mandatory from preschool institutions to high schools. (S.Young, 2013)
2.4.4 Homotabletis
Nobody’s Children Foundation had created an awareness campaign by creating an animation about the dangers of smartphone addiction. In the animation, it explains about the problem that is the smartphone addiction happening nowadays, and then they also explain about when and how are the children addicted to the smartphone devices. The animation then explain to the parents how to lessen or benefit their children with smartphone usage, not completely cut off their usage but control. Lastly, they will tell the parents what to do to control their children’s usage of smartphone and not let them be addicted. (Anonymous, Homotabletis, 2016)
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The researcher’s study of this thesis, it is mostly statistic and research result. Pragmatic is the method used in this study. Based on the topic of this thesis, the data acquired and required are mostly from research and statistics.
This thesis is a case study research, therefore both combination of qualitative and quantitative method is used in the research.
Quantitative: Survey results and statistics collected. The information can be measured and mostly are number based.
Qualitative: The content, analysis, videos, pictures, and articles that are focused on the same issue that cannot be measured.
3.2 Topic
The topic of this research is handheld addiction among children where children are addicted towards handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets. This addiction is not like the normal consumption addiction such as drugs or violence. This is a very fast growing phenomenon which a lot of media and designers had tried to create awareness many times but nothing has been done. The “Homotabletis” campaign is a very successful campaign where they had created a video and campaign of awareness to the parents and children’s by the Nobody’s Children Foundation.
The Nobody’s children Foundation is an awareness-raising campaign Homo Tabletis which addresses the parents of children aged 0 to 6 years old. It includes the action warning against premature and uncontrolled use of electronic devices. The author of this campaign also shows the way to use the electronic media for the benefit of the development of the children. (Anonymous, Homotabletis, 2016)
3.3 Determine and Description of Research Methods
3.3.1 Approach
This thesis uses the approach of case study. The method where most people used for their social science research, psychology, anthropology and ecology. This case study research method had been widely used to test the theoretical models and real world applications.
Case study is the account of activity, event or problem that contains a real hypothetical situations and includes the complexity that would be encounter in the workplace. It is used to help the researcher to see how the complexities of real life influence decisions. To analyze a case study, the researcher is required to practice applying their knowledge and thinking skills to a real life situations. (Anonymous, What is a case study?, 2013) To learn from a case study analysis you will be “analyzing, applying knowledge, reasoning and drawing conclusion.” (Kardos and Smith 1979)
3.3.2 Research Flow
Handheld
ê
Addiction
ê
Issue
ê
Effect of the Handheld Device
ê
Survey with parents
ê
Using Digital Media and Installation to give awareness
Handheld: To understand the topic of the research, the researcher would have to learn and understand on the topic itself. Handheld devices is a computing device that is portable and could be held in one hand that contains cellular communications. (Anonymous, Handheld, 2016)
Addiction: Not only includes physical thing that is consumed, it also may contain virtually anything abstract, such as gambling to other seemingly harmless products like chocolates. Addiction is when an individual cannot control how they use it and become dependent on it to cope with daily life. (Nordqvist, 2016)
Issue: A research to proof that the issue is needed to be addressed about children and their handheld device addiction. One of the reason is that parents are letting their children to get addicted to the handheld devices and is effecting them unhealthily. The Nobody’s Children Foundation is one of the successful organizers that had done an awareness campaign on this issue. (Anonymous, Homotabletis, 2016)
Effect of the Handheld Device: A news about a child 2 and a half years old had short sightedness after 1 years of facing iPad. Children will face many unhealthy issues when facing handheld devices.
Survey with the parents: A manual survey given to the parents to get data on their children’s addiction to the handheld devices and also the opinion if they would support the awareness campaign.
Using Digital Media and Installation to give awareness: using the idea of using problem to solve the problem. An animation and installation is the final outcome to give out awareness to the children. To ensure they understand the content, a data collection is done with 3 different kindergarten to collect drawings of the children and then implement them into the projects after analyzing.
3.3.3 Data Instrument
Survey – A survey is given to the parents of children by the researcher which is to collect information of the data and opinions. The instruments of the survey is the data and opinions given by the parents as a firsthand data.
This survey and its answers are all mainly to gather data. It is strictly private and confidential. All answers given will not be leaked to the public and for academic use only.
1. How many hours does your child spend on their handheld devices daily?
o <1 hour="" o:p="">
o 1-2 hours
o 2-3 hours
o 3-4 hours
o 5 hours
2. This has become an addiction.
o Strongly Agree
o Agree
o Undecided
o Disagree
o Strongly Disagree
3. This addiction is effecting our children lifestyle unhealthily.
o Strongly Agree
o Agree
o Undecided
o Disagree
o Strongly Disagree
4. Have you heard of any awareness campaign done before about this addiction issue?
o Often all the time
o Occasionally
o Little
o Not at all
5. How did you heard of it?
o Family
o Friends
o Advertisement
o Others
o None
6. Do you think it is important to have an awareness campaign about this issue in Malaysia?
o Very important
o Moderately important
o Not important
7. Will you support the awareness campaign if there is one?
o Always
o Often
o Sometimes
o Rarely
o Never
Using an online survey program, freeonlinesurvey.com, the questionnaire is transferred where a link is generated from the program and could be send around to the parents through online media. The survey is sent only to selected people but all are parents to collect data.
Figure 5: Survey Form (Online)
Figure 6: Survey Form (Online)
Figure 7: Survey Form (Online)
This is the preview of the survey form after being transferred to the online program. Consist of 7 questions the parents will have to just select on the choices of answers given then click on the finish survey button on the bottom right to finish it.
The freeonlinesurvey.com website will then compile the answers collected and preview the results in different charts based on the times being clicked of the answers. The results of the survey will be in 4.0 Results and Discussion section.
Observation – A method of watching an individual carefully and focused to gather data or information.
While the survey is being given out to the parents, the researcher had to do additional research by using observation that is the researcher will have to go around and observe the children and their attitude to gather data when using and not using handheld devices.
Content Analysis – a method of analyzing and summarizing the content by including different aspect of the content. To help allow more objective evaluation rather than just impressionistic evaluation of a listener.
Using the case study of the same issues as the researcher’s topic as reference to research and gather more data and information to enhance and improve the research.
In this thesis research, the researcher will be doing an additional analysis of children’s drawing collected from 3 different kindergartens, 3Q MRC Sungai Chua, Tabika Perpaduan Sungai Chua (A), and Tadika Seni & Kreatif. This analysis is to collect the similarity of the drawings to create a drawing styles to be implemented into the animation at the end to communication with the children visually to make them understand better.
4.0 Data Collection (Results and Discussion)
4.1 Survey Results
The survey is on the web for approximately a week (7 days). A total of 50 respondent was collected and the results are put into various charts to let the researcher know the frequency and differential between the answers.
Question 1: How many hours does your child spend on their handheld devices daily?
Figure 8: Question 1 report
According to the survey, parents said that their children mostly spends 3-4 hours on their handled devices which is slightly more than the average suggested time. The time suggestion for the survey is estimated as they can’t really measure the time that their child are on their devices.
Question 2: This has become an addiction.
The results of question 2 is about the parents opinion about do they think that this has become an addiction and the results is out of 50 respondent, 21 of them said they agree that this has become an addiction. Almost 50% out of a 100% is a very major problem.
Question 3: This addiction is effecting our children lifestyle unhealthily
Figure 10: Question 3 report
The 3rd question is about do they think that the addiction id effecting their children unhealthily. The result is most of them strongly agree. But they are also some of them who are undecided and does not agree with the addiction.
Question 4: Have you heard of any awareness campaign done before about this addiction issue?
Question 4 is when the researcher asked about have they heard about any of the awareness campaign done before. The result is then stated that most of the parents have not heard and some only heard about them sometimes, not often.
Question 5: How did you heard of it?
Figure 12: Question 5 report
Most of the parents have not heard about the other awareness campaign and for those who had heard and know about the awareness campaign are mostly from advertisement. Be it from the news, internet, article or etc.
Question 6: Do you think it is important to have an awareness campaign about this issue in Malaysia?
Figure 13: Question 6 report
Parents are asked by the researcher about the importance of awareness campaign in Malaysia. The respond was very important as it took up a total of 53% out of 100% of the respondent answers.
Question 7: Will you support the awareness campaign if there is one?
Figure 14: Question 7 report
From the chart above, it is clearly been seen that the parents out of the 50 most of them agrees and will always support if there is a campaign of awareness for this addiction issue in Malaysia. The researcher asked the question due to the researcher wants to know about the response if he/she were to create an awareness campaign.
4.2 Data Collection and Analysis
As mentioned before, the researcher had done a data collection in 3 different kindergartens to collect their drawings styles to be implemented into the animation character design development. The kindergartens are respectively, Tadika Seni & Kreatif, 3Q MRC Sungai Chua, and Tabika Perpaduan Sungai Chua (A).
The researcher had went to the kindergarten and when the permission is given for he/she to get the drawings, the researcher asked the children there to draw 3 most common things that is, human, phone, and a house.
Through the drawings later, the researcher then analyzes the drawings and from there, he/she will then find the similarity of the drawings to be created in a drawing styles to be implement into the animation and character design development.
Figure 15: Data Collection in Tadika Seni & Kreatif
Figure 17: Data Collection in Tabika Perpaduan Sungai Chua (A)
4.2.1 Data Analysis
5.0 Conclusion
Based on the survey questions that the researcher had given online to the parents, there are a total number of 50 respondent collected. Survey question number 1 is to know about the frequency of the children on their handheld devices and the most answered selection is 3-4hours per day. After wanting to know about the usage of the children daily, the researcher asked about do the parents think that their child had been addicted or does the routine became an addiction. The parents most answer is yes they do agree that the matter has now becomes and addiction. The third question that the researcher asks is to know if the parents aware that the addiction are effecting their child unhealthily. The result was surprisingly, the parents knew about the effects and still let their child play with their handheld devices. Question number four is related to awareness campaign where the researcher asks about if the parents heard of awareness campaign being done before. Most of the parents have not heard about any other awareness campaign being carried out and even if they have, they are from advertisements mostly answer we get from question number five which is where the researcher asked the parents of where do they heard of the awareness campaign before. Last two questions, question six and seven are to know if the parents would support and awareness campaign if there is one happening in Malaysia. The parent’s responses was great as they all mostly would support fully of the campaign.
The researcher had decided to make an info graphic using puzzles and animation to introduce the problem statement as well as information of the effects on children for using handheld devices for too long. The purpose of the project is to create awareness on the target audience.
References
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Anonymous. (2016). Handheld. Retrieved from www.technopedia.com/definition/16322/handheld
Anonymous. (2016). Homotabletis. Retrieved from http://homotabletis.org/en/campaign/
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King, D. (2016). Parent's smartphone addiction leads to "less intelligent" children. Retrieved from Johnson Publishing Ltd: http://www.wigantoday.net/news/local/parents-smartphone-addiction-leads-to-less-intelligent-children-1-7884222
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Wallace, K. (2014). All phones on the table -- or else! Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/23/living/parents-kids-addicted-cell-phones/
Wallace, K. (2014). Best advice to parents? Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/23/living/parents-kids-addicted-cell-phones/
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